History

Uttar Pradesh has a very enriching history to boast about. In fact history significantly defines the lifestyle of the present Uttar Pradesh. This land has been rules by many in the course of history. From the rule of Rama to the rule of British, Uttar Pradesh has seen it all.

Ancient History of Uttar Pradesh

The history of Uttar Pradesh starts with the advent of Aryans hordes from Central Asian region. Its tryst with the history started as early as 2000 B.C when Aryans started settling along the Doab of Ganges and Ghagra. This settlement, which was predominantly rural in nature, was named "Madhyadesh" i.e. 'Central Country'. Various Vedic era kingdoms ruled Uttar Pradesh in turn. The most notable one was Kosala that was ruled by King Dasaratha and his successor Ram. They later became the protagonist of epic called Ramayana. Another epic, Mahabharata, also talks about kings who ruled in and around modern Uttar Pradesh and were participant in the war of succession between Kaurvas and Pandavas.

The middle of 1st millennium B.C saw the advent of Lord Buddha and Buddhism. Sarnath near Varanasi has the pride of becoming the place where Lord Buddha gave his first sermon. In that period, Uttar Pradesh was ruled by Magadh dynasty. In due course it passed do Nanda dynasty and then to Mauryan who toppled Nanda. In the post-Christ era, Kannauj became the center of power. Various rulers ruled from this city but it was during the reign of Harshavardhana that the city raised to its pinnacle.

Medieval History of Uttar Pradesh

The advent of Muslim rule acted as the catalyst in the history of Uttar Pradesh. The era saw the downfall and humiliation of Rajput rule in Uttar Pradesh and their influence was largely confined to the pockets surrounding the Rajputana strongholds of Rajasthan. Uttar Pradesh came under the rule of almost all the emperors that ruled during the Sultanate era. The real high came during the reign of Mughal when Emperor Akbar chose the city of Agra and Fatehpur Sikri as his capital cities. The Mogul reign saw the construction of some of the most magnificent monuments in Uttar Pradesh. The era also witnessed irreversible trends towards the development and consolidation of administrative and land holding systems. The era also saw the development of unique art, crafts and culinary traditions of Uttar Pradesh.

Modern History of Uttar Pradesh

The era saw the advent and conquest of British in Uttar Pradesh. The Mogul rule started weakening and was later confined to the Doab region. Other martial tribes ruled the rest of the areas viz. Oudh was ruled by the Shiite Nawabs, Rohilkhand by Afghans, Bundelkhand by the Marathas and Benaras by its own king, while Nepal controlled Kumaon and Gadhwal. The 'Divani' of Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Oudh later passed to British. It happened in the year 1764 when the British East India Company forces, in the historic Battle of Buxar, trounced the combined army of Nawab Suja-ud-Daula, Mir Kasim and Mogul Emperor Shah Alam. The state was also the epicenter of the Sepoy revolt of 1857. Some of the major protagonist of that mutiny namely Nana Saheb, Tantya Tope, Rani of Jhansi, Maharaja of Benaras and Begum Hazrat Mahal were the resident of Uttar Pradesh. A Sepoy named Mangal Pandey is said to have initiated this revolt in Uttar Pradesh when he opened fired on a British Sergeant in the Merrut Cantonment.

Arts & Crafts

Zardozi

The craft of zardozi or silver and gold embroidery was brought into India by Delhi’s Turko-Afghan sultans in the 12th century. Down the ages, the craft became equally popular with the wealthy Hindu, Muslim, and European classes. Today several families in Varanasi, Agra, Lucknow, Rampur, Bareilly, and Farrukhabad, in the state of Uttar Pradesh, have revived this old craft to supply exquisite zari embroidered bridal outfits and salwar kameezes to boutiques round the country. But prices are considerably lower in Uttar Pradesh. Innovative designers have added functional bags, belts, caps, cushions, and wall hangings to their stock of ready to wear and custom made zardozi garments. A lighter and flashier offshoot of traditional Indian zardozi finds its way to top fashion houses around the world.

Chikankari

Uttar Pradesh’s capital, Lucknow, is closely associated with another fine embroidery, chikankari. These cool summery shadow-work saris, kurtas, and veils have been in vogue in this city for hundreds of years. Prices vary according to the quality of material used, and the work done on it. Table and household linen in white or pale pastel muslin, organdy and voile are also popular buys.

Jewellery

The jewellers of this region specialise in making lightweight, hollow gold and silver ornaments, with emphasis on filigree and open work. So the huge jhumka earrings won’t hurt your ears, and the impressive gold bangles don’t cost a fortune! Semi- precious stones, artificial pearls, glazed quartz, and glass are used to recreate elegant old designs, which can pass off as family heirlooms. Of course, for those with a penchant for the best that money can buy, there are centuries old jewellery shops selling the real stuff like the Basra pearls, emeralds, rubies and diamonds. Then there are hair ornaments fit for nawabi weddings, riyasati signet rings, status conferring gold toe rings, and key rings to tuck into smartly draped saris.

Metalware
The silver hookahs (hubble-bubble) and paan dans (betel nut containers) of this area are in a class of their own. Again, status symbols of the feudal zamindari era, these antiques are really replicas. Mostly made in Lucknow, Agra, Allahabad, and Rampur, they come in many sizes and designs and varied prices.

Engraved, embossed, enamelled and burnished brass vessels bowls, stools, coffee tables, vases, candle stands, beer mugs, statues, door knobs and knockers, drawer handles, towel and napkin rings, and mirror frames are just some of the items made and sold in Uttar Pradesh. Benaras brass workers specialise in engraving stylised flowers, vines, leaves, birds, geometric octagons and roundels on highly polished brass. Muradabadi craftsmen turn out colourful enamelled brass, good copies of famous bronzes, Tibetan tantric statues and Buddhist ceremonial vessels in mixed alloys, which can pass off as antiques.

Pottery
Khurja and Cinnahat near Bulandshahr and Lucknow produce pottery, which is popular with young homemakers and single working men and women. Modern abstract or traditional animal, paisley, and floral designs decorate tea sets, dinner plates, coffee mugs, soup bowls, serving dishes, and indoor pots. Bhadoi offers stylish black pottery, which few seem to know about.

Doll Making

Handmade Indian cloth dolls dressed in colourful regional costumes are other popular, inexpensive souvenirs and gift items. Uttar Pradesh’s dhoti clad peasant farmer, fez capped Nawab, sari draped bride and jewelled Kathak dancer dolls are usually in great demand by children, collectors and tourists.

Leather Craft

Leather craft in Uttar Pradesh, though largely rural based, has developed links with well-known metropolitan designing and manufacturing units having good marketing outlets, show rooms and export tie-ups. Kanpur and Agra are the main centres for shoes, sandals, chappals, country jooties, saddles, harness, leather jackets and other garments, gloves, handbags, wallets, belts, puppets, and musical instruments. Indian leather goods especially shoes and handbags are very reasonably priced compared with similar designer items available in the West.

Bangles

Firozabad’s colourful glass bangles find their way into every Indian home. Opaque, clear, or decorated with silver and gold metal wire, artificial seed pearls, beads, or glittering kundan, glass bangles are must for every Indian bride.

The colour and cut glass items of Firozabad include glasses, jugs, bowls, vases, animal figurines, ashtrays, and chandeliers. They don’t have the perfection of Belgian, Bohemian, or Venetian crystal and cut glass, but are certainly more easy on the pocket. And the hand blown milky coloured glass items are sophisticated and pretty enough to be displayed.

Natural Fragrances

Shakespeare may have identified perfumes with Arabia (Macbeth), but India has been the prime producer of natural fragrances since civilisation began. Uttar Pradesh in particular produces not only the attar of roses popularised by the Mughal Empress Noorjahan, but also Heena, Chameli (jasmine) and Khas. Rose and jasmine farming is done at Agra, Aligarh, Meerut, Lucknow, Ramnagar, Saharanpur, Gazipur, and Kannauj. Most of this attar goes to satisfy the colossal domestic and foreign cosmetic and perfume industry demands. But tiny phials and large flagons are available from stockists.

Stone Carving

Agra’s long association with the fabulous Mughal Court gave rise to many arts and crafts including stone carving. Replicas of Taj Mahal, marble boxes, wall plates, table tops, coasters, and ashtrays inlaid with semi-precious stones and mother of pearl in pleasing pietra dura designs taken from Mughal monuments and paintings are very popular purchases. The simpler Gurara stone carvings, paperweights, and Rubic cube like candleholders, which take four different sizes, make excellent gifts and mementoes.

Carpets

Quality and price wise, Indian carpets give you great value for money. The Mughal emperor Akbar established carpet-weaving centres at Lahore and Agra to supply his imperial court with good hand-knotted carpets in Persian, Turkish and Central Asian designs. These are still being made and sold in Agra, a major tourist centre. The carpet weaving centres of Varanasi, Bhadoi, and Mirzapur were set up by a Persian master weaver in the 17th century. The handmade carpets, rugs and prayer mats from Uttar Pradesh, Kashmir, and Rajasthan are finding their way into Arabian palaces and American mansions.